Civic agency is a key driver for social transformation toward sustainability. Recent environmental citizenship education (EEC) models advocate a transformative approach (tackling underlying structural causes) for addressing environmental unsustainability and identify developing change-agents as both the means for deep social transformation toward sustainability and the outcome of EEC. This conceptual work aims to deepen the theoretical understanding of the motivations driving individuals to act as change-agents, and the type and extent of the change they aspire to effect. It applies Schwartz’s theory of universal values to construct a three-level framework of environmental citizenship (EC) (individual-level, community-level, social-ly-transformative-level), each reflecting an increasing level of change-agency driven by distinct motivational values and competences.
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